Echoes of Empires
Echoes of Empires is a history podcast that explores major empires and eras, including the Roman Empire, Byzantium, the Arab Caliphates, Charlemagne's Empire, the Dark Ages, and the Crusades. Hosted by author Nick Holmes, the show offers over a hundred episodes and continues to add more. Listeners can also get a free ebook by visiting the host's website.
Episodes
The Battle of Manzikert
The Battle of Manzikert in 1071 changed history. Not only was it the first step towards the end of the Byzantine Empire but it also established the foundation for modern Turkey. In western Europe, the growing threat of the Seljuk Turks would result in the First Crusade. And yet the the Byzantine defeat in the battle was far from inevitable as so many history books claim. Indeed, it was the opposit
The Rise of the Seljuk Turks
In this episode, we’ll look at why the Seljuk Turks suddenly appeared in the Middle East in the eleventh century. The name Seljuk and the origins of Seljuk power lie with a man called Seljuk, who rose to prominence in the late tenth century. He was an Oghuz Turk, and at that time the Oghuz Turks were a group of nomads living around the Volga River. Originally from Mongolia, the Turks were ethnical
The Road to Manzikert
In the years from 1068 to 1071, the Byzantine emperor Romanus Diogenes tried but failed to stem the Turkish raids into Anatolia. Finally, he decided to lead his army far into the east, to stem the raids at their point of origin, near the fortress of Manzikert. There he would fight a battle that would change history.Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesaut
New Name, Same Show!
The Fall of the Roman Empire podcast is now called Echoes of Empires.Why change the name? Well, as you know, this podcast has already moved beyond the fall of Rome to cover a broader range of historical topics. In the last few episodes, we’ve covered Charlemagne, the Arab Caliphates, the Vikings and Byzantium. And going forward I want to cover a host of new subjects including the Crusades, Medieva
The Origins of the First Crusade
Welcome to Echoes of Empires, my new podcast which is the successor to the Fall of the Roman Empire. In this episode, I want to look at the First Crusade. This crusade was quite different from all the others. Not only did it establish and define the entire crusading movement, but it was also probably the largest military expedition put together in Europe since the days of the Roman Empire. Over 10
BOOK ANNOUNCEMENT: The Inheritors of Rome
I wanted to let you know that my latest book, The Inheritors of Rome, is now available in both paperback and ebook on Amazon and will be available through most major book retailers soon. Click here for the Amazon link.Why did I write the book? I wanted to close my series on the fall of the Roman Empire with an examination of what happened after the fall.I look at a period often called the Dark Age
Byzantium's Golden Age
In the century from 860 to 960 Byzantium was reborn as the greatest power in western Eurasia. Its armies were invincible, spearheaded by regiments of heavy cavalry which terrified its opponents. In this episode, I want to look at how Byzantium achieved this and why, in my view, in its hour of triumph, it lay the foundations for its fall in the eleventh century. Support the showFor a free ebook, ma
Byzantium's Battle for Survival
In today’s episode, I’d like to switch from the Abbasid Caliphate to the Byzantine Empire. The fortunes of both were of course connected and the Caliphate’s decline during the ninth century created an opportunity for Byzantium. But it wasn’t an easy path for the Byzantines and there were some serious setbacks in the first half of the ninth-century. Nevertheless, ultimately Byzantium would emerge o
The Abbasids: Golden Age or Age of Collapse?
Many historians call the Abbasid caliphate ‘the Golden Age of Islam’ but in this episode I want to analyse the contradiction in this description since, at a time when Islam underwent an undisputed cultural flowering, it also collapsed politically.Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
The Rise and Fall of the Umayyads
First, let me wish you a Happy New Year and I hope you had a good break if you took time off. This episode tells the story of one of the greatest empires in history – the Umayyad Caliphate. Its territories stretched from Samarkand to the Atlantic. Like the Roman Empire, it straddled three continents – Asia, Europe and Africa. But appearances can be deceptive, and to most contemporaries the Umayyad
Eirene: The Monstrous Empress of Byzantium?
In this episode, we’ll hear about one of the most chilling rulers of Byzantium – the empress Eirene. She was Byzantium’s only empress to take on the reins of government in a sole capacity. Her reign is controversial because she took sole power only after she’d killed the reigning emperor by gouging out his eyes. And the emperor in question was her own son. Even by the shocking standards of the Dar
The Forgotten Heroes of Byzantium
In the first half of the eighth century, Byzantium stemmed the Arab advance into Europe. Critical to this achievement were two emperors: Leo III and Constantine V. In this episode, I explain why I think these two men were heroes of the Dark Ages who changed history. And their lack of visibility is explained by a conspiracy against them which echoes the cancel culture of our own times. Support the
Byzantium: The Empire That Refused To Die
In this episode we turn east to consider Byzantium. We last spoke about the eastern Romans, or the Byzantines, in episode 113 when I described the emperor Leo III’s victory in the winter of 717/718 over an immense Umayyad army and navy intent on taking Constantinople. This was a pivotal moment in history. Few people at the time would have expected Byzantium to survive. But it did. And the Umayyad
The Origins of the Holy Roman Empire
The final political legacy of the Roman Empire in western Europe was the Holy Roman Empire. Amazingly, this curious political institution lasted until Napoleon abolished it in 1806. In the eighteenth century, the French political philosopher Voltaire famously described it as neither Holy nor Roman nor an Empire. He may have been right in his own age, but it was originally born with the dream of re
The Vikings
The Vikings transformed European history, impacted the worlds of both Byzantium and the Abbasid Caliphate, and even, some 500 years before Christopher Columbus, discovered North America. In this episode, I want to look at how and why the Viking diaspora first began, before moving to their initial impact on the world outside Scandinavia, especially on the Carolingians and the establishment of the V
The Fall of the Frankish Empire
Charlemagne created the largest empire in western Europe since the Romans. But it didn’t last. Within only a few decades of his death, it had broken up and one half of it was fighting for its survival against a new and terrifying enemy from the north: the Vikings. In this episode, I want to ask why did that happen? Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesaut
Charlemagne's Empire
In this and the next episode, I want to look beyond the legend of Charlemagne to find the real man and his achievements and failings. His legend has made him into a symbol of power and authority as well as a figurehead for the cause of European integration. But it shouldn’t be forgotten that after his death, his empire quickly broke up and his accomplishments were shown to be hollow. So, what is t
The Rise of the Carolingians
In this episode, we explore how the Carolingians rose to become the dynasty that would claim to be the inheritors of Rome. Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
The Battle of Tours, AD 732
In this episode, I’m going to focus on one of the most famous battles in history: the battle of Tours, or Poitiers as it’s sometimes called, in 732. It’s famous because some historians think it stopped the Arabs from conquering Europe. But others think its significance has been exaggerated and, even if the Arabs had won, they did not intend to conquer Europe. So, in this episode let’s try to find
The Slow Death of the Merovingians
In modern France, the Frankish king, Clovis, is often celebrated as the first French king. But Clovis’ Merovingian dynasty was in fact destined to fade and die. In its place, there arose a new dynasty that would become more famous: the Carolingian. But before we say goodbye to the Merovingians, I want in today’s podcast to ask the question why did they die out and why was it such a slow death? Sup
BOOK ANNOUNCEMENT - 'The End of Antiquity' Book 5 in The Fall of the Roman Empire
I wanted to let you know that my latest book, The End of Antiquity, is now available in both paperback and ebook on Amazon and will be available through most major book retailers soon.It explores the final days of the Roman and Persian empires, and how they were ultimately overwhelmed by the rise of Islam in the seventh century AD. It covers the warfare, politics, and religious upheaval of the tim
Clovis, King of the Franks
By the year AD 719, the Arab/Berber army had conquered Iberia and was invading Gaul or what is modern France. They seemed unstoppable. Would western Europe fall to Islam? And would the Qu’ran be taught in the schools of Oxford, as Edward Gibbon rather mischievously speculated. Of course, Gibbon knew the outcome. The Arab advance into France came to a shuddering halt at the battle of Poitiers, or T
The Arab Conquest of Spain
So, we’re starting the final season in this podcast which is on the Dark Ages. But just how dark were they? One of the main themes of this new season will be to show the striking diversity of experience within western Eurasia and North Africa during the period from AD 700 to 1000 since, while the Dark Ages were, in my view, very dark for most of Europe, outside Europe, in the Middle East and North
UPDATE ON NEXT SEASON - THE DARK AGES
Apologies for the long radio silence, I’ve been busy with other projects but now I want to update you on the next and final season in this podcast which I’m super excited about because it will cover what I regard as one of the most fascinating parts of the story of the fall of the Roman Empire – i.e. what happened after the fall? Now, we all know that this time was called the Dark Ages although th
Is Climate History the Missing Link in Explaining the Rise of Islam?
Why did Arabia rise so rapidly in the seventh century AD to become the dominant global superpower? In this episode, we look at a fascinating new theory.Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
The Siege of Constantinople in 717/718: Byzantium's Greatest Victory
The Arab siege of Constantinople in 717/718 was one of the greatest turning points in all of history. Discover why in this episode.Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
How Greek Fire Stemmed the Arab Conquests
In the first half of the seventh century AD, the rise of Islam seemed unstoppable. How could Byzantium survive? Luck and the invention of a medieval flame-thrower would help!Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
The Arab Conquest of Egypt
Roman Egypt was not only the Roman Empire's wealthiest province, it was also one of the earliest bastions of Christianity. Therefore, its rapid fall to the armies of Islam has long baffled historians. Discover the surprising story of how division, betrayal and sheer bad luck caused a turning point in history.Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesautho
Did the Late Antique Little Ice Age Favour Arabia?
In this episode, we look at climate history and ask whether the rise of Islam was helped by more favorable climatic conditions during the Late Antique Little Ice Age?Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
Climate, Plague and Catastrophe in Byzantium
In this episode, we revisit the 'Late Antique Little Ice Age' and the Justinianic Plague, and consider whether these contributed to the rise of Islam in the seventh century AD.Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
The Collapse of the Sasanian Persian Empire
After defeating the Romans at the Battle of Yarmuk in 636, the first Islamic Caliphate turned its attention to Persia. The fighting there would be even more decisive than against the Romans. Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
The Battle of Yarmuk: Rome's Greatest Defeat?
In August 636, near the Yarmuk river in modern-day Syria/Jordan, a battle was fought between the new Islamic Caliphate and the Roman Empire that would change the course of history. Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
Muhammad's Revolution
As Rome and Persia fought the last war of antiquity, they scarcely noticed a revolution was taking place in Arabia. A revolution led by a man named Muhammad.Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
Heraclius Triumphant
Heraclius was one of the greatest of all Roman Emperors and soldiers, and in 628-30 he secured a complete victory over Rome's oldest enemy - Sasanian Persia.Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
The Siege of Constantinople in AD 626
The Roman Emperor Heraclius faced his gravest challenge yet in AD 626 as the Avars and Persians closed in on the capital city, Constantinople. But the year ahead would be full of surprises.Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
The Best Form of Defence is Attack
The year AD 622 was a difficult one for the Roman Empire and its emperor, Heraclius. Surrounded by the Avars in the west and the Persians in the east, the position looked hopeless. But Heraclius was a truly remarkable emperor and soldier. And he knew what the best form of defence was.If you're looking for a good read over the Christmas Holidays, check out my latest book 'Justinian's
Heraclius' Crusaders
In 615, the Roman Empire was on its knees. The Persians had conquered most of Syria and the Levant and were poised to invade Egypt, the empire's richest province. But from the ashes of defeat would arise a new army, led by the emperor Heraclius, determined to avenge the fall of Jerusalem. Centuries later, they would be called the First Crusaders.Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blog
Heraclius' Fight for Survival
When Heraclius seized the throne from Phocas, you might think the Romans had got lucky. But no! The first few years of his reign were nothing short of disastrous as the Persians advanced into the heart of the empire. Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
BOOK ANNOUNCEMENT - 'Justinian's Empire' Book 4 in The Fall of the Roman Empire
I thought you might be interested to know that my latest book called ‘Justinian’s Empire’ is out now on Amazon in ebook and paperback. It will be with other distributors later and also available in audiobook probably within the next six months. It's about the triumph and tragedy of Justinian’s reign. Triumph because Justinian’s general, Belisarius, recovered North Africa and Italy from the b
Heraclius: A New Hero
The emperor Phocas' reign was one of the most tyrannical and bloodthirsty in all of Roman history. In North Africa, a young general rebelled against him. His name was Heraclius. He was to become the last great Roman emperor.Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
The Treachery of Phocas
We've reached a turning point in late Roman history. In 602, a Roman army officer called Phocas overthrew the emperor Maurice and began a tyrannical and bloodthirsty reign that would imperil the empire.Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
The War in the West
Having secured peace with Persia in 592, the emperor Maurice could switch his army to the desperate situation on the western front. The Roman fight-back was in full swing.Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
The Romans' Lucky Break
In 590, the emperor Maurice got his big break. Civil war in Persia opened up the possibility of an entirely new world.Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
The Hello, Goodbye Emperors
As the emperor Justin II descended into madness, Tiberius II stepped into his shoes. His reign would be short but eventful.Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
The Mad Emperor
In 565, Justinian died and he was succeeded by his nephew, Justin II. How would he cope with the over-extended empire Justinian had created?Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
UPDATE ON NEXT SEASON - THE END OF THE ANCIENT WORLD
A quick update on the next season in this podcast, starting on 14th September. It's going to be the most exciting of all - about the collapse of the ancient world in the seventh century AD, and the rise of Islam. A true turning point in history.Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
Did Justinian Make or Break the Roman Empire?
Did Justinian make or break the Roman Empire? Find out in this episode!Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
What the Papyri Tell Us
In this episode, we look at society and religion in the age of Justinian. And we discover something that's been hidden in the sands of Egypt for 1,500 years.Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
The Wolves from the North
Justinian's wars of reconquest in the west left much of the Roman Empire weakly defended. Nowhere was this more evident than along the Danube frontier where new enemies were massing to pillage the empire and slaughter its inhabitants. They were the wolves from the north.Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
A Pyrrhic Victory?
In the early 550s, with its economy and population recovering from the effects of the Justinianic Plague, Justinian launched a new offensive to subdue the Ostrogoths in Italy. This time the Roman army was well resourced and success looked likely. But would the cost of victory be worth it?Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
Three Hundred Heroes
In 544, Belisarius returned to Italy to fight the Goths. It was his last campaign and the end of his career. But many years later, he was asked by the emperor Justinian to don his armor one more time and save the empire from a new foe!Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
Belisarius is Back!
In 540, the Persians sacked Antioch. It was one of the greatest disasters in Roman history. But in 541, Belisarius was back from Italy. Could he now reverse the situation on the eastern front?Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
Burying the Dead
In the summer of 541, bubonic plague struck the Roman Empire. Known as the Justinianic Plague, it would be just as bad as the Black Death that 800 years later devastated Medieval Europe. Find out what happened here!Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
The Day the Sun Died
In the year 536, something very strange happened on planet Earth. The sun was dimmed and temperatures plummeted. This was followed by another apparently inexplicable event. A pandemic of unparalleled proportions struck the eastern Roman Empire. What was going on?? Find out in this episode!Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
The Sack of Antioch, AD 540
In May 540, the unthinkable happened. The Persian shah, Chosroes, burned the Roman Empire's second city, Antioch, to the ground and butchered or enslaved its inhabitants. How did this catastrophe happen? Find out here!Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
The Hollow Victory
In May 540, Belisarius captured Ravenna from the Goths and took prisoner the Gothic king Wittigis. But before he could destroy the Gothic kingdom completely, he was recalled to Constantinople to face the invading Persians. In the next few years, a new Gothic king - Totila - would retake most of Italy.Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
Divided We Fall
After Belisarius' heroic defense of Rome in 537-538, it looked as if there might be a rapid end to the Gothic war. But no. The Roman high command was wracked by internal division that would prolong the war and lead to the tragic sack of Milan.Check out my website nickholmesauthor.com for a free ebook, maps and blogs.Find my latest book, 'Rome and Attila' on Amazon. Support the showF
The Gothic Siege of Rome
In the summer of 536, Belisarius crossed the straits of Messina and marched on Rome. His army numbered 6,000 and he faced at least 30,000 Goths. It would be his greatest test.Check out my website nickholmesauthor.com for a free ebook, maps and blogs.Find my latest book, 'Rome and Attila', on Amazon.com here.Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesa
The Kingdom of the Ostrogoths
After Belisarius' triumph in North Africa, Justinian turned his gaze to Italy and the Kingdom of the Ostrogoths. But what was that Kingdom like? Find out here.For a free ebook, maps, blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com.For my latest book, Rome and Attila, click here.Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
Trouble in Paradise
Belisarius conquered the Vandal kingdom in North Africa in just six months. But it would take 15 years to bring peace to this new province of the Roman Empire. Find you why in this episode. Also, find a free ebook, maps and blogs at my website nickholmesauthor.com. Link here for my exciting new book 'Rome and Attila' only just out!Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check ou
The Last Vandal King
On 15th September, 533, Belisarius captured Carthage from the Vandals. But the Vandal king Gelimer was mustering all the forces he could for a last desperate battle. Interested in finding out more about Roman history? Visit my website nickholmesauthor.com for maps, blogs and a free ebook!Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
Victory in Africa
In June 533, Belisarius sailed for North Africa to reconquer Carthage. Most people thought he would fail...Please do visit my website nickholmesauthor.com for books, podcast episodes, maps, blogs and a free ebook!Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
Next Stop Carthage
The Nika riots ripped the heart out of Constantinople and nearly toppled Justinian. Desperate to restore his authority, Justinian looked west to the Vandal kingdom of Carthage which was experiencing its own problems.To find maps, blogs and a free ebook check out my website nickholmesauthor.comSupport the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
BOOK ANNOUNCEMENT - 'Rome and Attila' Book 3 in The Fall of the Roman Empire
My latest book, 'Rome and Attila', is now available on Amazon in ebook and paperback, links below. It’s about one of the most infamous figures in history—Attila the Hun. He’s a household name, but remarkably little is known about him and his popular legend as a brutal tyrant is not necessarily correct. I delve into the primary sources in search of the real Attila and find someone very di
The Nika Riots
In January 532, the Nika riots in Constantinople shook the world and nearly overthrew the emperor Justinian. Find out what happened here. Link to my website for free resources - nickholmesauthor.comSupport the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
The Problem with Justinian
Despite Belisarius' victory at Dara in 530, dissatisfaction was growing with Justinian which would soon lead to rebellion.Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
Belisarius and the Battle of Dara
In this episode, we meet one of Rome's greatest generals who will change the course of history. His name is Belisarius.Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
Justinian, Theodora, and the Secret History
Procopius is our main source for Roman history in the sixth century. He praises Justinian, Theodora and above all, Belisarius. But he's also left us with an unpublished document called the Secret History which contradicts everything he said in his other works. What's going on? Find out in this episode. For my website click here.Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out m
Justin and Justinian
In 518, the emperor Anastasius died. According to Procopius, he was succeeded by an illiterate peasant named Justin. Although this did not sound promising, it was the beginning of a new golden age.Link to website nickholmesauthor.comSupport the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
Wars of Religion
In this episode, we continue with one of the most remarkable but largely forgotten Roman emperors - Anastasius. In his reign, a great religious conflict divided the empire and one that nearly toppled him from power.Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
Oh No! The Sasanians Are Back!
Anastasius was one of the most important but often ignored of the eastern Roman emperors. In his reign, to paraphrase Gregory of Tours: 'A great many things happened, some good, some bad.' In this episode, we look at one that was decidedly bad for the Romans - the return of the Sasanians. Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
Anastasius: The New Diocletian
Anastasius is not one of Rome's most famous emperors but his achievements were critical to the growing strength of the eastern empire. It would be no exaggeration to say he was 'The New Diocletian'.Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
Zeno: The Great Survivor
After the defeat at Carthage in 468, the eastern empire was looking precarious. But a new emperor, Zeno, would ensure both its and his own survival.Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
The Rise of the Ostrogoths
The Western Empire has fallen. In the East, Rome stands firm despite the failure of its expedition to recover North Africa. But a new power is emerging: the Ostrogoths.Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
UPDATE: The Road to Justinian
Just a quick update on the next season which I’m very excited about because it will cover the reign of the emperor Justinian when his famous general, Belisarius, reconquered much of the west. We'll start on September 16th. See you then!Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
Awaking A Sleeping Giant
Before we begin the story of the great Age of Justinian, let's return to Attila the Hun. What was his role in paving the way for Justinian? You may be in for a surprise!Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
Once Upon A Time In Noricum
In this episode, we look at what life for ordinary people was like as the western empire fell. And one extraordinary document has survived to tell us a fascinating tale.Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
The End of Rome: Not with a Bang but a Whimper
We are now counting down the days to the official end of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476. But there are plenty of twists and turns still to come.Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
Catastrophe at Carthage, AD 468
In 468, the eastern emperor Leo launched an invasion fleet to recapture Carthage from the Vandals. It was one of the greatest military expeditions in Roman history.Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
The Virtual King of Italy
In 461, Ricimer executed the emperor Majorian. He would become the virtual king of Italy. Support the showFor a free ebook, maps and blogs check out my website nickholmesauthor.com
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